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Pond Waterfalls: How to Design and Build One

A waterfall adds sound, movement and oxygen to a pond. Here's how to plan one, size the pump for the flow you want, build it so it doesn't leak, and keep it running smoothly.

By Pond.com editors Updated 5 min read

A natural stone waterfall spilling a smooth sheet of water into a garden pond, with ferns and grasses around it

Quick answer

  • Size the pump for the waterfall's width. Allow about 1,500 GPH for each foot of spillway width for a steady sheet of water.
  • Check the pump's flow at your total head height, the waterfall height plus about 1 ft for every 10 ft of tubing.
  • Run the liner under the whole waterfall and raise its edges above the water, because most waterfall leaks happen at the edges.
  • Where pieces of liner join, lay the upper piece over the lower one so water flows over the seam, not under it.
  • A skimmer at one end and a waterfall filter box at the other keeps the whole pond circulating.

A waterfall turns a quiet pond into a feature you can hear from across the garden. It also adds oxygen to the water, which is good for fish. Most backyard waterfalls are built from a pump, some tubing, a piece of liner and a pile of well-chosen rocks, and they're well within reach as a DIY project.

This guide covers planning the waterfall, choosing the pump, building it without leaks and keeping it running.

Plan your waterfall

  • Put it where you'll see and hear it, usually at the far end of the pond from the house or patio, so the water falls toward you.
  • Use the soil from digging the pond to build up the slope behind the waterfall. Compact it well so the rocks don't settle.
  • Keep it in proportion. For most ponds, a waterfall 1 to 3 ft high looks natural. Taller waterfalls need much bigger pumps.
  • Plan the width. The width of the spillway (the lip the water pours over) decides how much water you need, and so how big a pump.
  • Decide on a stream. A short stream that runs down a few steps into the pond looks natural, but it needs more liner and a little more flow.

Size the pump

Flow for the width you want

How full the waterfall looks depends on how much water flows over each foot of spillway.

Spillway width Gentle trickle (1,000 GPH per ft) Steady sheet (1,500 GPH per ft) Heavy flow (2,000 GPH per ft)
6 in 500 GPH 750 GPH 1,000 GPH
12 in 1,000 GPH 1,500 GPH 2,000 GPH
18 in 1,500 GPH 2,250 GPH 3,000 GPH
24 in 2,000 GPH 3,000 GPH 4,000 GPH

If the same pump also runs your filter, compare this with the flow your pond needs for filtration (its volume turned over every 1 to 2 hours, or every hour for koi). Size the pump for whichever number is bigger.

What size pump do you need? The pump calculator works out the flow rate in seconds. Open calculator

Allow for head height

A pump's headline flow is measured with no lift. Pushing water uphill and through tubing reduces it. Add up:

  • The height from the pond's surface to the top of the waterfall, plus
  • About 1 ft for every 10 ft of tubing, plus a little extra for elbows.

For example, a 2 ft waterfall fed by 20 ft of tubing works out to about 4 ft of head. Look up the pump's flow at 4 ft on its flow chart, and make sure it still meets your target. Our pond pump guide explains this in more detail.

The parts of a waterfall

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The parts of a pond waterfall Side view of a pond with a waterfall. A pump inside a skimmer at one end sends water through a buried pipe up to a waterfall filter box at the top of the waterfall. Water spills over a spillway stone and down the rocks into the pond. The waterfall's liner runs under all the rocks with its edges raised, and overlaps on top of the pond liner so water flows over the seam. Filter box Pump Skimmer Waterfall filter box Water rises through filter media Spillway stone overhangs so water falls in a clean sheet Liner edges raised above the water line Upper liner overlaps on top of the pond liner Pond Buried pipe from the pump up to the filter box (opens full size in a new tab)
  • Pump: usually a submersible pump inside a skimmer at the opposite end of the pond, or on the pond floor.
  • Skimmer: a box at the water's edge that catches leaves before they sink and protects the pump from clogging.
  • Waterfall box (biofalls): a filter box at the top of the waterfall. Water rises through filter media and spills out of its lip, which hides the pipework and filters the water at the same time.
  • Tubing: flexible pond tubing or rigid pipe from the pump up to the waterfall, buried or hidden under rocks.
  • Liner and underlayment: under the whole waterfall and stream, just like the pond.
  • Rocks: a flat spillway stone for the lip, and larger rocks to frame the sides.

Build it without leaks

Most waterfall leaks happen where water escapes over the edge of the liner, not through a hole. Build carefully and you'll avoid the most common problem.

  1. Shape and compact the slope, cutting steps for each drop.
  2. Lay underlayment, then liner, over the whole waterfall and stream. Use a separate piece of liner if you need to, and overlap it at least 1 ft onto the pond liner.
  3. Put the upper liner on top wherever two pieces meet, so water flows over the seam, not under it.
  4. Raise the liner edges along both sides of the stream with soil behind them, so the edges sit well above the water level all the way down.
  5. Set the waterfall box level, and connect the tubing.
  6. Place the spillway stone so it overhangs the drop slightly. That makes the water fall clear in a sheet instead of running back under the stone.
  7. Add the side rocks, then fill the gaps between rocks with gravel or a waterfall foam made for ponds so water flows over the stones, not behind them.
  8. Test before you finish. Run the pump and watch closely for water splashing or wicking past the liner edges. Adjust rocks until every drop lands on liner.
A flat slate spillway stone at the top of a waterfall, with water flowing over its lip in an even sheet

Keep it running

  • Empty the skimmer basket regularly, every day or two in fall.
  • Clean the waterfall box media when the flow slows. Rinse it in pond water, not tap water, to protect its helpful bacteria.
  • Clear string algae from the rocks by hand before it builds up and diverts the water.
  • Watch the water level. Splashing and evaporation from a waterfall can lose more water than you'd expect in hot, windy weather. Top up with dechlorinated water.
  • In freezing climates, shut the waterfall down in late fall. Ice can dam the flow and send water over the liner edge. Move the pump into deeper water or switch to an air pump to keep a hole in the ice.

Common questions

Allow about 1,000 GPH per foot of spillway width for a gentle trickle, about 1,500 GPH for a steady sheet, and 2,000 GPH or more for a heavy flow. Then check that the pump delivers that flow at your total head height.

The usual causes are liner edges that have sagged below the water line, water splashing off a rock and landing outside the liner, or water running under a stone and wicking out. Turn the waterfall off. If the pond stops losing water, the leak is in the waterfall.

If the waterfall is also your filter's return, keep it running, because the filter's bacteria need constant flow. If it runs on its own separate pump, you can put it on a timer.

For most backyard ponds, 1 to 3 ft looks natural and keeps pump costs down. Every extra foot of height reduces the pump's flow, so taller waterfalls need bigger pumps.

In freezing climates, most owners shut the waterfall down in late fall. Ice can build up and divert water out of the pond. It also chills the deeper water where fish rest.

Step 11 of 15 in the complete pond guide Next: Pond Lights: How to Light Your Pond Safely

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